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Prison religion includes the religious beliefs and practices of prison inmates, usually stemming from or including concepts surrounding their imprisonment and accompanying lifestyle.〔(''Religion in Prison'' ) - Harry R. Dammer, University of Scranton〕 "Prison Ministry" is a larger concept, including the support of the spiritual and religious needs of prison guards and staff, whose work in an often demanding and brutal environment often creates a special need for pastoral care, similar to the care that is extended to the military, police officers and fire fighters. ==History== Many religious groups often supply scripture and reading material, organize programs and worship, and train chaplains for work in prisons. Members of religious groups also engage in missionary activity, as there have been many instances of conversion throughout history. For instance, one of the earliest introductions of Islam into Eastern Europe was through the work of an early 11th century Muslim prisoner who was captured by the Byzantines during their war against Muslims. The Muslim prisoner was brought into the territory of the Pechenegs where he taught and converted individuals to Islam.〔(The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pg. 335 )〕 In the United States, early colonists originated the concept of the penitentiary as a place where inmates would demonstrate their penance and remorse for their crimes through prayer and reflection.〔Clear, Todd R., Cole, George F., Reisig, Michael D. 2008. ''American Corrections''. Florence, KY: Cengage Learning.〕 English prison chaplains also heard confessions from condemned prisons, some of which were published - for example, the 18th century ''Ordinary of Newgate's Account''. Such accounts presented the prisoners as coming to terms with their guilt and preparing for salvation. Chaplains have worked with prisoners and prison staff for many years, even before formal legislation addressed the constitutional rights of inmates. A 2005 ''Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion'' study suggests that the practice of religion significantly reduces the chance of prisoners to engage in verbal or physical altercations, and increases the likelihood of reform after completing prison sentence time.〔(''UAB Study Finds Religion Helps Reduce Negative Prison Behaviors'' ) - Gail Short, UAB.edu, citing: Kent R. Kerley, Todd L. Matthews and Troy C.Blanchard. (2005) "Religiosity, Religious Participation, and Negative Prison Behaviors." ''Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion''. 44(4):443–457〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Prison religion」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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